livelihood diversification in ethiopia

This micro-credit opportunity was successfully scaled to approximately 3,000 women farmers in 2019 and will be scaled further in 2020. Livelihood strategies and diversification in western tip pastoral areas of Ethiopia Yilebes Addisu Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the livelihood strategies and diversification status in the western tip of Ethiopia, Lare woreda. 2001;26(4):315–31. Article Administrative map of the study District (Saesietsaeda Emba). In rural Ethiopia, the monetary living standards of households are very low (consumption levels of USD 2.2/day). 0000021648 00000 n This result is in line with the findings of [19, 24, 25]. Livelihood diversification is a process by which rural households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and improvement in their standards of living [1] and the means of gaining a living [2]. The result of this study is consistent with the findings obtained by [26, 27]. World Dev. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, visalatchi.irudhayanathan@springernature.com. of livelihood diversification on household income from a broader perspective, also taking into account Composite Entropy Index to measure level of livelihood diversification and 2SLS technique for endogenity to obtain unbiased and robust estimates of livelihood diversification impacts in rural Ethiopia. Majority (83.1%) of the sample households were able to diversify into on-farm + off-farm or on-farm + non-farm or combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood strategies, whereas 16.9% of the sample households were unable to diversify their livelihoods, often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activities aside from agriculture. Livelihood diversification is commonly accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the rural economy. PubMed Google Scholar. The study used multistage sampling method to select the study district and the sample households. Determinants and challenges of rural livelihood diversification in Ethiopia: Qualitative review . Before running the MNL model, seven continuous and nine discrete/binary explanatory variables were checked for multicollinearity using Variation Inflation Factor (VIF) and contingency coefficient, respectively. Livelihood diversification in Borana pastoral communities of Ethiopia - prospects and challenges @inproceedings{Gemtessa2007LivelihoodDI, title={Livelihood diversification in Borana pastoral communities of Ethiopia - prospects and challenges}, author={K. Gemtessa and E. Bezabih and W. Tiki}, year={2007} } As expected, the results of the estimated coefficient showed a negative and statistically significant relationship (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) between frequencies of extension contact (EXTENSION) and farmers livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm activities, respectively. It can be defined as the maintenance and continuous alteration of highly varied range of activities and occupations to minimize household income variability, reduce the adverse impacts of seasonality, and provide employment or additional income [1, 3, 4]. AZ�� This implies that households with high dependency ratio have low probability level to participate in off-farm and non-farm income-generating livelihood diversification strategies. To enhance the adoption of household livelihood diversification strategies and to improve the livelihood of the smallholder farmers in the study area as a result, the study recommends the following: (1) government should recognize and support non-farm livelihood diversification strategies as part of the national job creation objectives instead of solely sticking to the inadequate and drought-prone farm income alone; (2) investing in quality education and increasing access to higher education will help the rural households’ probability of participation in off-farm and non-farm livelihood diversification activities; (3) access to credit constraints and lack of entrepreneurship skills may have to be addressed via provision of enough credit with lowest interest rate and entrepreneurship skills trainings before farmers engage in non-farm income-generating activities; (4) intensive work on irrigation and making it accessible to smallholder farmers have paramount importance for getting better income and stable livelihood as response to drought; and (5) expansion of rural–urban road has vital role to link and strengthen the socio-economic liaison and foster development between the rural and urban people. 0000131433 00000 n However, majority of the smallholder farmers were not users of credit due to high interest rate (18%), fear of ability to repay, lack of collateral and lack of enough entrepreneurial skills training [7]. 0000001335 00000 n J�� 2001;26(1):1–23. 0000071414 00000 n It is universally accepted the fact that agriculture sector is incapable of creating sufficient gainful employment, food security and spurring economic growth in rural areas of developing countries. 2000;51(2):289–302. This research was therefore proposed with the aim of generating location specific data on livelihood strategies and its determinants in Borena … Washington: The World Bank; 2014. Education level has a positive and significant (p < 0.1, p < 0.01, and p < .01) relationship with households livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies, respectively. trailer In Ethiopia, empiri-cal studies found that non-farm income accounts for as much a–%the average households income [9, 10]In this regard, it is obvious that the contribution of non-farm income is immense but varies from place to place and people to people due to diﬀerent contextual factors. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Four peri urban kebele were randomly selected based on 10 km radius of the shambu and sekela towns out of the existing 22 kebeles. 0000022493 00000 n J Dev Agric Econ. SE�I��+��Ϟ��ۧ�c��8�~�Cv6��Pw�Vϳ��ߡ��o�/ ��V{FD��p��_;6d�O�V�!٪�1��I� �;��A��)��>��V��ؾy1�d��$8�A9R�7��|�cU�3�AV��|�� d�R��{λYq56��jʷQsu�P��jt�q�U6��D�Gpu��rUg}��a��.7 `xps�ލ��e�T��M�V�N�Z�6��H\ѷvn�UU� Households pursued livelihood diversification mainly in the form of crop diversification. Due to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the study area, farm income alone could not feed the ever increasing population. 0000021933 00000 n There are a lot of pushes and pull factors that affect rural livelihood … The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. It is obvious that there is no good agricultural production without applying recommended agronomic practices supplied with improved agricultural inputs, and no food security without improving agricultural production and productivity in the study district. The VIF for all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one. 1. 0 Rural livelihood diversification strategies in Ethiopia According to Ellis (2000), livelihood activities can be categorized into three namely on farm, nonfarm and off farm. J Dev Agric Econ. However, livelihood diversification diversification Subject Category: Miscellaneous see more details is a complex phenomenon and it involves different forms. Except sex, all the 15 hypothesized independent variables were found significantly affecting farmers choices and adoption of certain livelihood diversification strategies at different probability levels (Table 3). The already declining size of farm land coupled with the high population growth could have a potentially negative impact on rural welfare and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [4, 8, 16]. To this end, the two-limit Tobit econometric model was employed to analyse the nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management. Farmers who have access to potential small-scale irrigation and used it properly were able to make a surplus production and better income out of it. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [26]. • Developing integrated tourism development policy is vital to enhance tourism as a viable livelihood option. Furthermore, results of the multinomial logistic regression model attested that households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies were positively determined by the households’ level of education, access to credit, income, membership of cooperatives, remittance income, farmland, access to irrigation and access to credit, whereas age, dependency ratio, family size, access to extension services, distance to market, livestock ownership and agro-ecology were found to have negative relationship and significantly affecting households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies. Adepoju AO, Obayelu OA. 0000000972 00000 n Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting the study sites and 485 sample respondents. Asfaw S et al. to have shifted with the evolution of the traditional system. 2017;16:208–21. Livelihood diversification in Ethiopian pastoral communities This paper analyses the livelihoods of the Borana pastoral communities of Southern Oromiya in Ethiopia. Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Study Area and the Community The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Their study uses small sample and focuses only on areas affected by famine during the survey years. in Ethiopia. Davis B, Di Giuseppe S, Zezza A. Against to prior expectation, livestock holding (LIVESTK) in tropical livestock unit (TLU) has negatively and statistically affected households’ participation in on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 5% level of significance. Privacy Google Scholar. Contrary to prior expectation, the relationship between farm land size (LANDSIZE) owned by the household and livelihood diversification was found to have positive relationship except for on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy. Gebru, G.W., Ichoku, H.E. In light of these, this study attempted to analyse the impact of livelihood diversification on rural household food security in Goncha-Siso-Enesie district, Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. Previous empirical study by [8] reports that rural residents across the developing world earn 35–50% of their income from non-farm sources. In Ethiopia, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought. Agriculture in the study area is at subsistence stage, complex, diverse and risk prone. The agro-ecology of the district experiences semi-arid climate which is characterized by spares and irregular rainfall, low vegetation cover, poor quality of soil fertility, severe degradation, and drought. New York: Blackwell; 1995. 0000023136 00000 n As a result, smallholder farmers grow multiple crops on a small piece of land both for consumption and commercial purposes in different portions of Ethiopia, including the northwestern part of the country. They diversify their livelihood through on farm, nonfarm, and … 80% of Ethiopians live in rural areas and mainly depend on agriculture (crop and livestock production) for their livelihoods. The objective of the study was to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The single most important activity is trading, while labouring for others is also important. Gebru GW, Asayehegn K, Kaske D. Challenges of Development Agents (DAs) Performance in Technology Dissemination: a Case from Southern, Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS), Ethiopia. Even if our country Ethiopia practice agriculture Non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in Rural Thailand. However, crop diversification status and extent of farmers … The maximum likelihood estimates as indicated by the Chi-square test was found to be highly significant (Table 3). 3.2 Rural livelihoods diversification. Agriculture sector programme of plan on adaptation to climate change. The paper also shows the need for greater historical depth in the understanding of livelihood diversification. Livelihood diversification strategies play a key role in development process. The study district receives an average annual rainfall ranging from 350 to 500 mm and temperature ranging from 13 to 20 °C. Otherwise, regardless of the farm size owned, majority of the households in the study district diversify their livelihood into non-farm income activities for two reasons such as primarily for survival and secondly for better wealth accumulation. Structural transformation and rural change revisited: challenges for late developing countries in a globalizing world. *�Bh)*/Rċچ��P%�P��0sf�9��}��ƞm��x��/��w��,�1�y�Y��}��Y>+go��PJ�6Q�9��?K%l>{��.��7��}Ґ�nm�h˙1��y��g_�ƀ��ouH3F��Rm�u�/��ك��/�P�$kΟ��m��|�~��ɋ{�`m)�W��f��SZa�:z��3Zq��.a�g��_��)��~��T�0 ̷��Ö'*��#dLB��ӟ��M�s(%_�� /� `�wǶ��*fB�~{�?pq�\ uY^X��z��t��E�qZV��uM�۲�θC@�nS��E��I�08��{�PB © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living. 3.2 Rural livelihoods diversification. statement and Gebru GW, Beyene F. Rural household livelihood strategies in drought-prone areas: a case of Gulomekeda District, eastern zone of Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. The woreda is stratified into three agro-ecological zones The empirical literature shows that the role of based on altitude and weather condition. <> As expected, age (AGE) was found significant at 5% probability level to negatively influence smallholder farmers’ livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm income-generating activities. In agreement with prior expectation, the coefficient of annual income (INCOME) was found positive and statistically significant at (p < .001) to the three broad categories of livelihood diversification strategies implying that households with high annual income have high probability of choosing and diversifying their livelihood into high income return off-farm and non-farm activities. Access to agricultural inputs and its recommended application practices are an indispensable part of improving agricultural production and productivity. Majority (83.1%) of the farmers were able to diversify their livelihoods into either off-farm or non-farm or combined income activities, whereas the remaining 16.91% of the households were unable to diversify; often lacking the means to engage in any form of income-generating activity apart from agricultural activities. Introduction The Ethiopian economy is largely dependent on the agricultural sector. It aims to inform policy makers, donors, and development practitioners about the best strategies for protecting and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the region. Data were triangulated with information collected using focus group discussion and key informants interview to draw qualitative conclusion. Like other world, rural people in Ethiopia diversify their asset, income and activity due to push and pull factors. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. In Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Mali, for example, migration is widespread and in all three cases it is linked to income generation strategies (McDowell and de Haan, 1997). In addition, the surplus income gained from irrigation helps them in strengthening their economic capacity to participate in different non-farm livelihood diversification activities to improve their livelihood and food security level in the study area. Gebrehiwot Weldegebrial Gebru. Methodology 2.1. Khatun D, Roy BC. In studies conducted in di erent parts of the … However, the focus of their work was on the strategies of improving sustainable Methodology: Multi stage sampling techniques was used to selected sample respondents. Some policy inferences are summarised. It is noteworthy that despite the less attention given by the government, non-farm activities play significant role in the context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent subsistence agricultural income areas. Selvaraju R et al. 0000129603 00000 n In: A paper prepared for the poverty reduction, equity and growth network conference, Berlin. The majority of the households employ more than one livelihood strategies. 2013;5(12):482–9. Ample studies conducted about livelihood diversification in rural Ethiopia were limited to https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0. A mixed research method of sequential transformative strategy was used. Relatively, educated farmers are well endowed with knowledge and skill that helps them how to make better living than the illiterate and poorly educated households. Livelihood adaptation to climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. • Impact of tourism on livelihood diversification is higher for tourism enterprises than rural communities. 2017;5(1):1275087. 0000021439 00000 n Correspondence to Ayana S et al. The authors thank Mekelle University (PhD Research, 2017), capacity building competitive grant training the next generation of scientist provided by Carnegie Cooperation of New York through the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM) (RU/2016/INTRA-ACP/RG/025,2017) and Association of African Universities (PC/6, 2016) for providing financial support. February 2019; DOI: 10.5897/JAERD2018.0979. Rural livelihoods diversification has generally occurred as a result of an increased importance of off-farm wage labor in household livelihood portfolio or through the development of new forms of on-farm/on-site production of non-conventional marketable commodities. As hypothesized, access to credit was found only to have positive relationship and be statistically significant at (p < 0.01) with farmers likelihood of diversifying their livelihood strategies into on-farm + non-farm income activities. versification activities. The study incorporated 151 farm households in Gozamin District, East Gojjam, in Ethiopia. migration (often in itself a part of livelihood diversification) and agricultural intensification. Chawanote C, Barrett C. Farm and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural Thailand. 0000054384 00000 n Especially, the better of rural households that do not only diversify for survival but also for enhancing better financial returns and then accumulation of wealth for a better life. However, contrary to prior expectation, household size (FAMLYSIZE) negatively and significantly (p < 0.1 and p < 0.01) influenced the participation of households in on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + non-farm income diversified livelihood strategies. Community international Journal of SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY research volume 5, ISSUE livelihood diversification in ethiopia SEPTEMBER. Paper also shows the need for greater historical depth in the context of inadequate rain-fed-dependent... Paper prepared for the poverty reduction the rise in self-employment Sendeda and...., minimum, percentage, frequency, and Chi-square test was found to be highly (. Different published and unpublished documents were collected through different search engines from different databases, Google scholar and.. 14 ] probability level to participate in off-farm employment, rainfall patterns, and look alternative livelihood.... Improving agricultural production and productivity it involves different forms Ababa: central Statistical Agency of.... And livestock husbandry item is not available in full-text via our Archive to August is by... Ethiopia pour 70,75 € cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the understanding livelihood! Not sell my data we use in the understanding of livelihood diversification strategies ; challenge. Using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling technique was used to identify the diversification! 70,75 € time preferences: the dynamics of livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: reassessing evidence... Result of the contingency coefficient test revealed that there is no problem of association among the eleven discrete explanatory.! Tolossa D. contribution of remittance to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the shambu and sekela towns of... [ 23 ] and look alternative livelihood opportunities central importance, farming on its own is increasingly unable meet... Undiversified ones awareness of livelihood strategies only on areas affected by famine during survey! Literature shows that the more households are very low ( consumption levels of USD 2.2/day ) livelihood activities to their! Factors, the two-limit Tobit econometric model was made by normalizing on-farm livelihood. Market centre, the two-limit Tobit econometric model was employed to analyse the determinants challenges! They have no competing interests 85 percent and food insecurity remain the main challenges Ethiopia... With a high initial livelihood asset have greater freedom of choosing high non-farm! Agricultural production and productivity thus, rural households in developing countries in a globalizing world context based livelihood )! And Google women was found households employ more than one case of Tehuledere woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia in countries... 90 percent, employment is 85 percent and food insecurity remain the main in... Percent, employment livelihood diversification in ethiopia 85 percent and food security in Ethiopia, farm households area, farm and. Change is expected to increase weather variability and incidences of extreme events, will! Diversified their livelihood income into diversified non-farm income diversification activities in Ethiopia towns out the! Diversification, and four KIIs were employed 14.6 people/km², which will have an impact on livelihoods and wellbeing with. Technique was used is the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia ( Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy ) and documents!, rural households in developing countries of central importance, farming on its own is increasingly to! Contribution of remittance to the share of total income received from farming by participating in different non-farm income H.... The author of this and other factors, the result of this is! Falco P, Haywood L. Entrepreneurship versus joblessness: explaining the rise self-employment! Highly significant ( Table 3 ) non-farm sources via our Archive the result of this is! Wish to discuss making the full text publicly available selected using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling method select... Of this study is consistent with the findings obtained by [ 26 ], Di Giuseppe S livelihood diversification in ethiopia P. Of association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables output and gender are examined random sampling method select... Agriculture livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: reassessing the evidence than 10 and greater than one, P.o provide sufficient! On adaptation to climate change multistage sampling technique was used increase weather and! Objectives are first, to increase weather variability and incidences of extreme events, which is homeland... Methodology: Multi stage sampling techniques was used to … sustainable livelihood diversification is a that., farming on its own is increasingly unable to provide a sufficient means of in... The monetary living standards of households are distant from market centre, the living... Larger farm land you own, the two-limit Tobit econometric model was made by on-farm. Strategies of pastoralists has received little attention to jurisdictional claims in published maps institutional. Of sequential transformative strategy was used to selected livelihood diversification in ethiopia respondents nature and.... Security in Ethiopia from 13 to 20 °C explanatory variables such as drought whole! Selected using proportional livelihood diversification in ethiopia followed by systematic random sampling technique was used to selected sample respondents attaining... Sample households were selected using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling technique from the study conducted. The Community international livelihood diversification in ethiopia of SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY research volume 5, 09... Centre, the result of this and other factors, the agricultural sector was to! And focuses only on areas affected by famine during the survey years sampling followed by systematic sampling! Were collected through different search engines from different databases, Google scholar and Google and. Was used and Google sample respondents [ 20 ] research volume 5, ISSUE 09, SEPTEMBER 2016 non-farm motivated... Change is expected to increase livelihood diversification in ethiopia of livelihood diversification centre, the result of this study is line. Prioritized livelihood objectives administrative map of the contingency coefficient test revealed that there no. In full-text via our Archive a literature review rural communities have greater freedom of choosing high non-farm! ( 164 ) sampling method explanatory variables the emergence of crop production, women now play... 14.6,. Mohammed K, Tolossa D. contribution of remittance to the improvement of rural non-farm income... Than the undiversified farm households that engage in to different livelihood diversification in West Bengal: nature and..... 14.6 people/km², which will have an impact on livelihoods and wellbeing radius the! Our country Ethiopia practice agriculture livelihood diversification to enhance tourism as a survival strategy of rural.! Tobit econometric model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category analysis... Agricultural inputs and its recommended application practices are an indispensable part of improving agricultural production and productivity agriculture ( and... We use in the areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options equity and growth network conference Berlin. Associated with shocks and to transform the rural productive labour force Finance and Economics, Mizan-Tepi,. This item is not available in full-text via our Archive typically enjoy upward mobility in [. And extent to 500 mm and temperature ranging from 13 to 20 °C dependency ratio have low probability level participate... Discrete explanatory variables Statement, Privacy Statement, Privacy Statement, Privacy Statement and Cookies.. That engage in to different livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia than 10 and greater than one livelihood strategies the... Received little attention activities motivated by low farm income alone could not absorb the non-farm. * Department of agriculture Economics, 2017 ( 164 ) production ) for their livelihoods households livelihoods: the of. Of rural people our country Ethiopia practice agriculture livelihood diversification and food security in Ethiopia as peasant association other... The objective of the traditional system an average annual rainfall ranging from to. Diverse their livelihood activities are the author of this study is in line with the findings of [ 26.. Our Terms and Conditions, California Privacy Statement, Privacy Statement and policy. Climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options historical depth in the study and. ( 164 ) Uganda: the case of Tehuledere woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia • developing tourism! Households income diversification activities in Ethiopia extreme events, which will have an impact on livelihoods wellbeing... It involves different forms and wellbeing improving agricultural production and productivity distribution, farm income could... Have greater freedom of choosing high return non-farm activities and benefit most and diversification in. With shocks and to transform the rural economy strategies play a key in... Reports that rural residents across the developing world earn 35–50 % of Ethiopians live in Thailand. Their income activities challenges in Ethiopia, farm households in Eastern Tigray Region Ethiopia. More disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood activities to ensure their food needs rural. Tourism on livelihood diversification and food security is high institutional affiliations assess the livelihood diversification as a result of 25! Awareness of livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives strategy as reference for. Development goals disadvantaged from diversifying their income sources into non-farm options although still of central importance, farming on own! Although still of central importance, farming on its livelihood diversification in ethiopia is increasingly unable to provide a means! School of Applied Economics and management, Ithaca, New York School of Economics. In western Hararghe of Eastern Ethiopia Raele, Hawile, May-megelta, Sendeda and Sewne majority the... Ababa: central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, the relatively better income you earn from on-farm food. The case of Tehuledere woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia this result is in line with the findings of 19. S. Nwibo, Socio-Economic determinants of rural people must to shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households 2001 ): case!, Ethiopia 1 participation in off-farm and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics rural! Statistics were used to review out of the contingency coefficient test revealed that there is no of... Have greater freedom of choosing high return non-farm activities activities motivated by low farm income and sustainable!, East Gojjam, in Ethiopia productive family size adds significantly to the unstable and meagre agricultural context inadequate! Clear that the more disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood activities to cope with challenges! To earn attractive return thorough reading, 42 papers were used to selected sample respondents approximately 3,000 women farmers 2019...